January 29, 2005
awk学习笔记
awk是一种用于处理数据和生成报告的编程语言。
一般的使用格式是：
awk '{pattern + action}' {filenames}
pattern指在每一行中进行匹配的条件，action指针对符合条件的行进行的操作，filenames是输入的文件名。
假设data文件中有以下数据：
1 donald 305 20050129
2 chin 102 20040129
3 mark 304 20040229
下面对这个文件进行操作:
awk '{print $1, $2, $3, $4}' data
输出:
1 donald 305 20050129
2 chin 102 20040129
3 mark 304 20040229
awk '{print $1"\t", $2"\t", $3"\t", $4}' data
输出:
1 donald 305 20050129
2 chin 102 20040129
3 mark 304 20040229
这里显示的格式并不是输出的真实格式，真实格式是中间会有一个tab符号，格式对的很整齐，只不过在html里看不出来。
awk '/donald/ {print $4}' data匹配当data文件中包含字符串"donald"的行，输出第4列的值:
20050129
awk '/donald|chin/ {print $1, $2}' data这里的"|"应该是或的作用，而不是管道，输出:
1 donald
2 chin
awk '/a[rl]/ {print $1, $2}' data兼容perl的正则表达式，匹配包含"ar"或"al"的列，输出:
1 donald
3 mark
awk '/a[rl]/ {print $1, $2, $3+1}' data给第三列加上1再输出:
1 donald 306
3 mark 305
awk '/a[rl]/ {print $1, $2} {print $3+1}' data匹配只对第一对花括号产生作用，输出:
1 donald
306
103
3 mark
305
awk 'FS="n" {print $1}' data使用"n"而不是空格做为分隔符，输出:
1
2 chi
3 mark 304 20040229
awk 'FS="n" {OFS="-"} {print $1, $2}' data把分隔符输出:
1-donald
2 chi- 102 20040129
3 mark 304 20040229-
awk 'FS="n" {OFS="-"} {print NR, $1, $2}' data使用NR变量，num of row，即行号，输出:
1-1-donald
2-2 chi- 102 20040129
3-3 mark 304 20040229-
awk '{x=x+$3} {print NR, $3, x}' data使用变量进行累加计算,输出:
1 305 305
2 102 407
3 304 711
awk '{x=x+$3} END {print NR, $3, x}' data使用BEGIN和END在处理之前或之后显示结果,输出:
3 304 711
awk '{x=x+$3} {print NR, $3, x | "sort -nr"}' data在awk内使用管道进行排序,输出:
3 304 711
2 102 407
1 305 305
cat command
{x=x+$3}
{print NR, $3, x | "sort -nr"}
awk -f command data将指定写在文件中,输出:
3 304 711
2 102 407
1 305 305
如果简单的输出不能处理您的程序中所需要的复杂信息，则可以尝试由 printf 命令获得的更加复杂的输出，其语法是
printf( format, value, value ...)
该语法类似于 C 语言中的 printf 命令，而格式的规格是相同的。通过插入一项定义如何打印数值的规格，可以定义该格式。格式规格包含一个跟有字母的 %。类似于打印命令，printf 不必包含在圆括号中，但是可以认为使用圆括号是一种良好的习惯。
下表列出 printf 命令提供的各种规格。
规格 说明
%c 打印单个 ASCII 字符
%d 打印十进制数
%e 打印数字的科学计数表示
%f 打印浮点表示
%g 打印 %e 或 %f；两种方式都更简短
%o 打印无符号的八进制数
s 打印 ASCII 字符串
%x 打印无符号的十六进制数
%% 打印百分号；不执行转换
可以在 % 与字符之间提供某些附加的格式化参数。这些参数进一步改进数值的打印方式：
参数 说明
- 将字段中的表达式向左对齐
,width 根据需要将字段补齐到指定宽度（前导零使用零将字段补齐）
.prec 小数点右面数字的最大字符串宽度或最大数量
参考资料：
AWK：Linux 管理员的智能工具包
Donald 发表于 January 29, 2005 08:40 PM | Example
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